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Query reformulation is a key user behavior during Web search. Our research goal is to develop predictive models of query reformulation during Web searching. This article reports results from a study in which we automatically classified the query-reformulation patterns for 964,780 Web searching sessions, composed of 1,523,072 queries, to predict the next query reformulation. We employed an n-gram modeling approach to describe the probability of users transitioning from one query-reformulation...
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With the emergence of Internet various institutions started making available important legal materials in centralized online databases. Depending on the previous classification of data, available resources, degree of disclosure, each organization adopts its own way to present materials online. Oftentimes institutions providing similar data organize it in different ways (different titles, categories, search criteria, search engines, websites etc.) Additionally, some may do it differently due...
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This article by Rachel Brett of Lovells reports on the results of a survey into classification practice in law libraries carried out through the BIALL and LIS-Law mailing lists in March 2007. Major findings were that only three respondents did not use any form of subject classification. The most frequently used classification scheme was Moys, and the single largest grouping was the 40 respondents (40.8%) who used their own in-house classification schemes.
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La doctrine québécoise se construit dans un contexte influencé par l'effort de normalisation des rapports sociaux qu'est le Code civil du Québec. Afin d'analyser ce rôle particulier de la doctrine, l'auteur cherche d'abord à établir une définition de la doctrine, qui constituerait l'ensemble de la littérature juridique émanant des facultés de droit et analysant de façon critique la loi et la jurisprudence. Établissant un parallèle avec la doctrine française, l'auteur explique le...
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In this paper, we define and present a comprehensive classification of user intent for Web searching. The classification consists of three hierarchical levels of informational, navigational, and transactional intent. After deriving attributes of each, we then developed a software application that automatically classified queries using a Web search engine log of over a million and a half queries submitted by several hundred thousand users. Our findings show that more than 80% of Web queries...
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Over time, researchers have acknowledged the importance of understanding the users’ strategies in the design of search systems. However, when involving users in the comparison of search systems, methodological challenges still exist as researchers are pondering on how to handle the variability that human participants bring to the comparisons. This paper present methods for controlling the complexity of user-centered evaluations of search user interfaces through within subjects designs,...
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Information-seeking is important for lawyers, who have access to many dedicated electronic resources. However there is considerable scope for improving the design of these resources to better support information-seeking. One way of informing design is to use information-seeking models as theoretical lenses to analyse users’ behaviour with existing systems. However many models, including those informed by studying lawyers, analyse information-seeking at a high level of abstraction and are...
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Information behavior (IB) research involves examining how people look for and use information, often with the sole purpose of gaining insights into the behavior displayed. However, it is also possible to examine IB with the purpose of using the insights gained to design new tools or improve the design of existing tools to support information seeking and use. This approach is advocated by David Ellis who, over two decades ago, presented a model of information seeking behaviors and made...
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To help design an environment in which professionals without legal training can make effective use of public sector legal information on planning and the environment - for Add-Wijzer, a European e-government project - we evaluated their perceptions of usefulness and usability. In concurrent think-aloud usability tests, lawyers and non-lawyers carried out information retrieval tasks on a range of online legal databases. We found that non-lawyers reported twice as many difficulties as those...
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Most text classification techniques assume that manually labeled documents (corpora) can be easily obtained while learning text classifiers. However, labeled training documents are sometimes unavailable or inadequate even if they are available. The goal of this article is to present a self-learned approach to extract high-quality training documents from the Web when the required manually labeled documents are unavailable or of poor quality. To learn a text classifier automatically, we need...
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Users of search engines express their needs as queries, typically consisting of a small number of terms. The resulting search engine query logs are valuable resources that can be used to predict how people interact with the search system. In this paper, we introduce two novel applications of query logs, in the context of distributed information retrieval. First, we use query log terms to guide sampling from uncooperative distributed collections. We show that while our sampling strategy is at...
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