Many scientific indexing structures thought to have been developed in the computer era were invented about a millennium earlier, in the domain of religion. Hans Wellisch traced the origins of alphabetical indexing to a fourth-century index to a compilation of sayings of the Greek Church fathers. The Masoretes standardized the text of the Hebrew Bible and in the course of their work created alphabetical lists of words and phrases. These tenth-century lists may be viewed as the predecessors of thirteenth-century Latin biblical concordances. Structurally, Masoretic lists and biblical concordances are analogous to KWOC (keyword out of context) indexes. Masoretic lists anticipated search features, including truncation and adjacency, developed in the latter half of the twentieth century. The Masoretes also created permuted indexes and produced frequency counts of biblical words. The first complete Hebrew biblical concordance, compiled in the fifteenth century, contains a “stoplist,” or list of words not indexed, that is similar to contemporary English stoplists. The Manipulus Florum, a Latin collection of quotations compiled in 1306, contains a sophisticated network of cross-references. Hebrew citation indexes covering religious texts date back to the end of the twelfth century. The first Latin biblical citation index, Tabula Septem Custodiarum, covers the commentaries of the church fathers on the Bible. The appended bibliographies, arranged alphabetically by author and title, resemble the source index of Science Citation Index.